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On March 11, 1931, the USSR introduced the All-Union Physical Culture Program GTO ("Ready for Labor and Defense"). Initially, men over 18 and women over 17 were eligible to take the GTO tests. By 1934, the program had ex...
...panded to include citizens aged 10 to 60. The GTO program included running, jumping, gymnastics, throwing events (discus, javelin, shot put, etc.), swimming, cross-country skiing (or, in snowless regions, a forced march or cycling race), and shooting (for young men only). Participants were awarded a gold or silver GTO badge based on their performance, while those who met the standards for several years received the "Honorary GTO Badge." The GTO system ceased to exist with the dissolution o...